How to Get EU Citizenship: The Ultimate Guide
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Contents
- An Overview of EU Citizenship Paths
- Citizenship by Citizenship by Naturalization
- Citizenship by Descent
- Citizenship by Marriage
- Citizenship by Investment and Golden Visa Programs
- How to Get EU Citizenship through Investment: Top Countries
- Portuguese Golden Visa
- Greek Golden Visa
- EU Citizenship by Investment in Malta
- Spanish Golden Visa
- Italian Golden Visa
- Benefits of EU Citizenship
- Path to EU Citizenship Through Residency and Naturalization
- Residency Durations by Country
- The Role of Language Proficiency and Cultural Integration
- How Much Does it Cost to Get European Citizenship?
- FAQ
- Need Help?
I first went to Europe more than 20 years ago. I’ve lived there, worked there, and invested there. I can tell you from personal experience that it’s a lot easier to do with an EU passport. But how do you actually get EU citizenship?
First, it starts with understanding that there is no such thing as “EU citizenship”. Instead, you become a citizen of an EU member state—like Germany, Italy, or Portugal.
Once you have that, you are automatically a citizen of the EU. You can enjoy all the benefits of your new country, as well as the wider advantages of the European Union.
In this article, we’ll explore the different paths to EU citizenship, with a particular focus on programs that allow you to invest to gain either permanent residency or citizenship quickly.
An Overview of EU Citizenship Paths
Citizenship by Naturalization
Naturalization is the classic route to EU citizenship. It involves living in an EU country for a set period and meeting specific criteria. This typically includes learning the language, proving financial independence, and having no criminal record.
Who is it for? This pathway is ideal for those who’ve already established long-term ties to a country, such as those working and/or married to a citizen there with a valid visa that is issued with the possibility of eventual citizenship.
From Our Case Notes:
Maria* moved to Spain to build up the European operations for a large multinational. Over a decade, she did just that and became fluent in Spanish. Through the process, she met all the requirements for the most common citizenship path—naturalization— and became a Spanish citizen.
*Name changed to protect privacy.
Citizenship by Descent
Have European ancestors? You might qualify for citizenship through them. In some cases, this option even lets you skip many of the usual requirements, like living in the country or taking language exams, depending on the laws of your ancestor’s country.
From Our Case Notes:
We’ve worked with many clients that had a parent or grandparent (usually grandparent) with Irish roots. In one case, John* was able to claim citizenship through his maternal grandmother. The hardest part was to gather the documentation needed to prove his lineage. Government forms and some waiting later, he was able to get his Irish passport.
*Name changed to protect privacy.
Citizenship by Marriage
Marrying a citizen of an EU country can also lead to citizenship. However, most nations require proof of a genuine relationship and a period of residency.
Example:
In Portugal, non-citizens can apply for citizenship after three years of marriage to a Portuguese citizen, so long as they meet residency and other legal requirements. This is shorter than the normal five-year naturalization period.
Most other EU nations have similar rules in effect that give a citizen’s non-citizen spouse a faster path to citizenship. Generally, couples must be married for a minimum period and, in some cases, to have lived together within the country for some time. They may also need to show language skills, cultural integration, and proof that the marriage is genuine.
Citizenship by Investment and Golden Visa Programs
EU citizenship by investment programs let people become citizens directly by making a large financial contribution, such as investments in real estate, businesses, or government funds.
On the other hand, Golden Visa programs give residency rights in exchange for a large investment and/or donation. They (generally) offer a way to become a citizen later, after a period of legal residency. These options are for investors who want better global travel and economic opportunities.
What exactly is a Golden Visa Program?
Golden Visas are essentially residency-by-investment programs. They’re designed to attract foreign investors and stimulate local economies. A Golden Visa grants you residency rights first, with the potential to gain citizenship after meeting certain criteria.
The rest of this guide focuses on the investment path—either direct Citizenship by Investment or the more common Golden Visa options.
How to Get EU Citizenship through Investment: Top Countries
Portuguese Golden Visa
Portugal revamped its Golden Visa program in 2023, removing real estate purchases as a qualifying investment. But not to worry—there are still great options to secure citizenship, starting at €250,000 (reduced to €200,000 in low-density areas):
Fund Subscription.
Donation.
Job creation.
Research and development.
Why Portugal? Portugal guarantees a five-year pathway to citizenship, starting from the date you apply for residency. Residency requires minimal physical presence, making it an attractive choice for busy investors.
You also benefit from:
Freedom to live in Portugal with no stay duration limits or minimum stay requirements.
Visa-free travel across all 29 Schengen countries.
Access to public healthcare and education.
Include your family in the program.
Tax advantages, thanks to Portugal’s network of Double Taxation Treat
Competitive investment options—even with the increased threshold, it’s one of Europe’s most affordable Golden Visa programs.
What is the Schengen Zone?
The Schengen Zone is a group of European countries that have abolished border controls between them. This allows passport-free travel across their internal borders. It includes 29 countries, most of which are EU member states.
Best Places to Live in Portugal for Americans
Greek Golden Visa
Greece’s Golden Visa program has recently been updated—in 2024, the minimum investment threshold increased to €800,000 for real estate in premium locations like Athens, Thessaloniki, Mykonos, and Santorini. You can buy real estate in other parts of Greece valued at €400,000 or more.
You can also qualify for a golden visa with a real estate investment of only €250,000 if you purchase a commercial property that’s been converted into a residential one. Or you can buy a property that has historical value and renovate it.
The Greek Golden Visa offers similar perks to the Portuguese program: the ability to live in Greece for as little or as long as you want, visa-free travel throughout the Schengen region, and much more.
New Rules for Greece Golden Visa
Golden Visas make it easy to get legal residency in another country—one of the most important facets of any Plan B. And the Greek Golden Visa is one of the most popular such programs in the world. You can find more information here: New rules for Greece Golden Visa.
EU Citizenship by Investment in Malta
Malta offers one of the most direct routes to EU citizenship through its Citizenship by Investment program. It’s a great option if you want to fast-track your plans while ensuring your family is included.
What does it take? You’ll need to make a financial contribution to Malta’s economy and then hold legal residency for either 12 or 36 months, depending on your chosen route. This program is ideal for those who value both efficiency and a strategic location. Benefits of Maltese citizenship are similar to those of Portuguese or Greek citizenship.
Spanish Golden Visa
Spain’s Golden Visa program will end in April 2025. Applications are still being accepted, but there are better alternatives available elsewhere in Europe.
Italian Golden Visa
Italy’s Golden Visa program, launched in 2017, is perfect for those who love la dolce vita. It provides a clear path to citizenship after 10 years of residency.
What makes Italy stand out?
A residence permit is valid for two years, extendable for another three.
Citizenship eligibility after 10 years.
Favorable tax conditions.
Free travel across the Schengen Zone.
Family inclusion in applications.
Allows work in Italy for visa holders and their families.
Access to Italy’s excellent public healthcare.
Cost Comparison Table for EU Citizenship by Investment
| Country | Investment Type | Minimum Investment Amount | Residency Requirement – Path to Citizenship | Citizenship Timeline | Key Advantage |
| Portugal | Fund Subscription, Donation, Job creation, Research and development. | €200,000+ | Minimal physical presence. | 5 years | Flexible residency requirements |
| Greece | Real estate, Company shares, Mutual funds, Bank deposit, Bonds, Innovative startups (starting in 2025) | €250,000 | 183 days/year (none to maintain and renew visa if you don’t intend to apply for citizenship) | 7 years | As of this writing, processing time is fast compared to other options. |
| Malta | Donations plus real estate investment (or long-term rental contract) | €600,000 (€750,000 for 12 months) (donation only) | Minimal physical presence | 1-3 years | Fastest path to EU citizenship |
| Italy | Innovative startups, Company shares, Bonds, Donation | €250,000 | 183 days/year (none to maintain and renew visa if you don’t intend to apply for citizenship) | 10 years | For people that like the idea of living in Italy, it can be an attractive program. If you're country agnostic, there are better programs. |
Additional Financial Obligations Associated with EU Citizenship by Investment
When considering EU citizenship by investment, it’s important to look beyond the headline investment amount. Here’s what you need to know about the additional costs that can add up:
- Taxes: Think property taxes, VAT, and income taxes if you spend at least six months per year in any one EU country.
- Government Fees: These include application and processing charges.
- Legal Services: Professional help to ensure compliance and a smooth application process is essential.
- Extra Costs: Translation and certification of documents, travel expenses, and other unexpected fees can pop up.
- Costs for Family Members: If you’re including dependents, be prepared for higher overall financial requirements. These fees can vary widely depending on the country and the number of dependents.
Here’s the truth: Many promoters focus solely on the investment or contribution amounts, leaving out the “extras.” But the devil is in the details, and these additional costs can make or break whether a program is a good fit for you.
Benefits of EU Citizenship
Becoming an EU citizen unlocks a world of opportunities. Here’s what you can look forward to:
Access to EU Institutions: Tap into EU programs, funding, and legal protections.
Healthcare and Education: Enjoy high-quality public systems at little or no cost.
Business Opportunities: Seamlessly participate in the EU’s single market.
Cultural Exchange: Experience the diversity of languages, traditions, and cultures.
Dual Citizenship: Many EU countries let you retain your original nationality while gaining all the advantages of EU citizenship.
Employment Flexibility: Work in any EU member state without the need for additional permits.
Freedom of Movement: Live, work, and travel across the Schengen Zone with no restrictions.
Visa-Free Travel: Gain visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to numerous countries worldwide.
The Future of EU Citizenship by Investment
EU citizenship by investment programs are constantly adapting to meet economic and political challenges. Here’s what’s on the horizon:
Stricter Due Diligence: Expect tighter regulations and background checks to ensure compliance with anti-money laundering measures.
Higher Investment Thresholds: Minimum investment requirements may increase to attract high-net-worth individuals and prevent misuse.
Focus on Residency: Countries may shift toward Golden Visa programs, emphasizing long-term residency and integration over direct citizenship.
Sustainable Investments: For a while, green energy and socially responsible projects looked likely to become a bigger focus But most EU countries seem to be backtracking on these goals.
Path to EU Citizenship Through Residency and Naturalization
Here’s a simplified roadmap for getting EU citizenship through residency:
Get Residency: Secure a work permit, family reunification visa, study visa, or Golden Visa.
Meet Residency Requirements: Most countries require continuous residency for 5 to 10 years, with some flexibility depending on circumstances.
Apply for Citizenship: Prove your compliance with legal, financial, and cultural requirements.
Pass Background Checks: Show you have a clean criminal record and financial stability.
Take an Oath: Finalize your citizenship with an oath of allegiance or ceremony.
Residency Durations by Country
The required duration for naturalization varies among EU countries:
| Country | Residency Duration (Years) | Notes |
| Germany | 5 | Reduced to 3 with exceptional integration. |
| Spain | 10 | Reduced to 5 years for refugees and 2 for nationals of countries whose official language is Spanish or Portuguese. |
| France | 5 | Reduced to 2 for graduates of French institutions or significant contributions. |
| Italy | 10 | Continuous residency required. |
| Portugal | 5 | Golden Visa holders eligible. |
| Sweden | 5 | Reduced to 2 for Nordic citizens and 4 for refugees. |
| Austria | 10 | Reduced to 6 significant contributions. |
| Greece | 7 | Golden Visa pathway available. |
Timelines depend on factors such as visa type, integration efforts, and compliance with legal obligations. For instance, individuals married to a local citizen often benefit from shorter pathways, while refugees may face extended residency requirements in some countries.
The Role of Language Proficiency and Cultural Integration
Language Proficiency: Most EU countries require a minimum B1 level in their national language under the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Certification from a recognized test or completion of an approved course is usually required.
Cultural Integration: This may involve passing a test on the country’s history, legal system, and traditions or demonstrating participation in cultural events and volunteering activities.
Why It Matters: Language and cultural integration reflect your commitment to becoming an active member of society and help ease your transition into your new home.
Need Help?
If you’re interested in seeing if an EU citizenship is right for you, feel free to book in a free, no-obligation consultation with a Nestmann Associate. They’ll help you explore your options.
How Much Does it Cost to Get European Citizenship?
Curious about the costs of obtaining EU citizenship or residency? Let’s break it down by country and program:
Portugal (Golden Visa Program):
- Donation: €250,000 (€200,000 in low-density areas or low GDP region.)
- Business Creation: Invest €500,000 or more in a Portuguese business. The business must create a minimum of five new full-time jobs.
- Job Creation: Create at least 10 new full-time jobs in Portugal.
- Research and development: €500,000 (€400,000 in a low-density or low GDP region).
- Fund subscription: €500,000.
Greece (Golden Visa Program):
- Real estate: €250,000-€800,000, depending on the location and type of investment.
- Start-up business: €250,000 (starting in 2025).
- Investment in Greek business, real estate company, or qualifying mutual fund: €350,000.
- Investment in Greek bank CD or government bonds: €500,000.
- Investment in Greek corporate bonds or shares: €800,000.
Malta:
- €600,000 investment if you commit to 36 months of residency or
- €750,000 investment for a faster route with just 12 months of residency.
- Plus: Purchase of Maltese residential real estate valued at €700,000 or leasing a residence with a rental value of €16,000 or more annually for a minimum of five years
- Plus: €10,000 charitable donation.
Italy:
- Innovative startup: €250,000.
- Corporate shares: €500,000.
- Donation: €1 million.
- Government bonds: €2 million.
Keep in mind: These amounts vary by program and may change over time. Both residency and direct citizenship options are available depending on your chosen path.
Frequently Asked Questions
How can Americans get EU citizenship?
Americans have several pathways:
By Descent: If you have a parent, grandparent, or even a more distant relative who was an EU citizen, you might qualify. For example, if your grandparent was born in Ireland, you may be eligible for Irish citizenship by descent, bypassing residency requirements.
By Naturalization: Live and work in an EU country for a set period while meeting financial stability, language proficiency, and societal integration requirements.
By Investment: As outlined above, significant financial investments can open doors to residency and citizenship in certain EU countries.
Which EU countries allow citizenship by descent?
Many EU nations offer this pathway, including Austria, Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Spain. Each country has specific requirements, so you’ll need to verify your eligibility. For example, Ireland allows you to claim citizenship if your grandparent was born there.
What’s the fastest way to get an EU passport?
Malta’s Citizenship by Investment Program is one of the quickest, offering citizenship within 12–36 months, depending on your investment and residency choice.
Which country makes it easiest to get permanent residency?
Portugal is known for its straightforward and relatively quick process, particularly for retirees, skilled professionals, and investors.
Which EU country makes citizenship by marriage the easiest?
Spain is often cited as the easiest, requiring only one year of legal residency if you’re married to a Spanish citizen.
What’s the most difficult EU citizenship to get?
Germany is considered one of the toughest. It requires eight years of residency, B1-level German language skills, and a deep understanding of the country’s culture and laws.
What’s the cheapest European citizenship to buy?
Malta offers the only citizenship-by-investment program in Europe, with costs starting at approximately €1 million. And even this program is more of a residency-by-investment program, because the minimum period of time you need to be legally resident in the country before you’re eligible to apply for citizenship is 12 months.
You may also find references to a Montenegro Citizenship by Investment program starting at €350,000, which includes a donation to a national fund and real estate investment.
In truth, that program was introduced and almost immediately suspended. It still “exists” but more in memory than practice.
Nowadays, Greece and Portugal offer some of the cheapest options. And even then, these are Golden Visa programs; not outright Citizenship by Investment programs.
How do I get EU citizenship through ancestry?
Start by tracing your family history to confirm if your ancestors were citizens of a country now in the EU. Gather essential documents like birth certificates, marriage records, and citizenship papers to prove your lineage. You’ll then need to submit your application through the relevant embassy or consulate.
If you don’t speak the local language, consider consulting with a local lawyer to navigate the process more efficiently.
Which countries in Europe are easiest for citizenship?
Portugal, is among the easiest, particularly for Golden Visa or investment pathways. Ireland, Italy, and Poland are great for those with ancestry ties.
What are the main ways to get a European passport?
By Descent: If you or your spouse have eligible EU ancestry.
By Naturalization: Live and work in an EU country for the required duration.
By Investment: Make a substantial financial commitment in a country’s economy.
By Marrying: Marrying an EU citizen and meeting residency requirements.
Need Help?
Ready to take the first step toward EU citizenship? Get in touch for a free, no-obligation consultation with a Nestmann Associate to explore your options for EU citizenship.
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