Panama Papers Prove Most Offshore Investments Are Legal
That’s what the headlines should have proclaimed. But they did not.
Instead, when announcing the theft of more than 11.5 million records from the Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca, the mainstream media once again equated “offshore” with “tax evasion,” “money laundering,” and other criminal behavior.
Here are a few headlines describing the release of the so-called “Panama Papers”:
- “Giant Leak of Offshore Financial Records Exposes Global Array of Crime and Corruption”
- “Massive Leak Reveals the Global Elite’s Secret Cash Havens”
- “Inside the Firm that Helps the Super-Rich Hide Their Money”
And there are comments like this one, from economist Gabriel Zucman: “These findings show how deeply ingrained harmful practices and criminality are in the offshore world.”
I am sure you get the idea.
Except the stolen documents reveal very little actual criminality.
Unveiling the Truth Behind the Panama Papers
If you read past the headlines, you’ll see statements like these:
- “Most of the services the offshore industry provides are legal if used by the law abiding.”
- “As with many of Mossack Fonseca’s clients, there is no evidence that [name] used his companies for improper purposes.”
- “Holding money in an offshore company is generally not illegal.”
- “Having an offshore company isn’t illegal. For some international business transactions, it’s a logical choice.”
Indeed, according to the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ), which coordinated the review of the leaked documents, more than 214,000 offshore entities appear in the leak. Yet only a handful of them are tied to any wrongdoing.
Exposed: Politicians and Offshore Companies
It turns out that senior politicians in many countries use offshore companies to shield their assets. That is embarrassing, especially if those same politicians have railed against all things offshore. But there is little evidence that these efforts broke any laws.
Here are a few examples:
- The leaked records show that British Prime Minster David Cameron received tax-free income from an offshore investment set up by his father. But the profits he made were subject to UK tax, and there’s zero evidence he failed to pay it.
- Evidence in the leaked documents also suggests that associates of Russian President Vladimir Putin used Mossack Fonseca to set up a network of offshore companies.
- And that the family of Chinese strongman Xi Jinping did the same. But it is far from clear if Putin, Jinping, or other politicians with offshore companies actually did anything illegal.
Yes, There Are Hints of Criminal Activity
For example, the suggestion that Mossack Fonseca facilitated efforts to circumvent economic sanctions imposed by the US against 33 black-listed individuals.
There are also some titillating details in the analysis of the 214,000 offshore entities, such as the revelation that a US businessman, convicted of traveling to Russia to have sex with minors, also had an offshore company. That company had nothing to do with his activities in Russia.
Also, the leaked documents show that about 3,500 shareholders of offshore companies have a US connection. Of those, only a handful were shown to have been used illegally. In other words, 99% or more of the offshore companies with a US connection appeared to be used for legitimate purposes.
Totally Legal Reasons to Use an Offshore Structure
Indeed, as the ICIJ grudgingly admits, there are perfectly valid reasons to use offshore companies and trusts.
Here are a few of them:
- Buying real estate in another country. Many nations, such as Mexico, prohibit foreigners from holding property in their own name in certain areas of the country. Using a Mexican trust, called a fideicomiso, overcomes this obstacle. [Here you can find more information on buying foreign real estate.]
- Avoiding probate formalities. Many countries, especially those with a “civil law” tradition (e.g., Spanish-speaking countries), require assets held in your own name to go through a time-consuming and expensive probate process. Panama is a notorious example, with probate formalities extending for months or years and often eating up 10% or more of the value of the property being transferred to the next generation. Using a Panamanian foundation legally avoids this nightmare.
- International tax planning. It’s true Bernie Sanders and a host of other do-gooders think it is morally wrong, but it is perfectly legal to use offshore entities to reduce taxes. Companies like Apple and Google have this strategy down to an art and have dramatically reduced the taxes they pay as a result. Indeed, all companies have a fiduciary duty to their shareholders to not pay a dollar more in tax than is legally required.
- Asset protection planning. Multi-million dollar judgments are commonplace in the US. It is only prudent for American doctors, entrepreneurs, and others who have accumulated wealth for retirement to place a portion of their “nest egg” assets offshore. In many cases, these arrangements involve international companies and/or trusts.
The bottom line is that is perfectly legal to invest and do business internationally. Often an offshore company or trust can make it easier and more efficient to do so.
It is also quite clear that the vast majority of individuals and companies dealing offshore are not violating any laws. Remember that the next time you see a headline equating “offshore” with tax evasion, money laundering, and other criminal activity.
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